What is the mechanism of action of roflumilast?

Featuring Saakshi Khattri , MD |

Assistant Professor of Dermatology
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, NY

| Published September 01, 2023

Related CME

FC24: The Comorbidities of Psoriasis: What Clinicians Need to Know to Optimize Care: An Online Activity

1 Credit

Click to save this course

Psoriasis

CME

FC24: The Comorbidities of Psoriasis: What Clinicians Need to Know to Optimize Care: An Online Activity

Release Date

December 12, 2024

FC24: Practical Insights and Pitfalls for Psoriatic Disease in Skin of Color: Early Diagnosis for Effective Treatment: An Online Activity

0.75 Credit

Click to save this course

Psoriasis

CME

FC24: Practical Insights and Pitfalls for Psoriatic Disease in Skin of Color: Early Diagnosis for Effective Treatment: An Online Activity

Release Date

December 12, 2024

FC24: Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Looking Ahead to New Treatment Options: An Online Activity

0.5 Credit

Click to save this course

Psoriasis

CME

FC24: Palmoplantar Pustulosis: Looking Ahead to New Treatment Options: An Online Activity

Release Date

December 8, 2024

Related Media

Psoriasis

What is the mechanism of action of topical roflumilast and how is it different than other PDE4 inhibitors?

Video

Raj Chovatiya

Psoriasis

What limitations of other topical therapies does roflumilast address for patients with plaque psoriasis?

Video

Jennifer Soung

Psoriasis

Now that there are more options to treat psoriasis, how do you choose when to use roflumilast?

Video

Jennifer Soung

Psoriasis

How is roflumilast different than other PDE4 inhibitors?

Video

Andrew F. Alexis

Name	Hostname	Vendor	Expiry
muxData	dermsquared.com		400 days
The muxData cookie is a first-party cookie used by the video streaming and analytics platform, Mux. Mux is a service that provides online video infrastructure, including encoding, transcoding, streaming, and analytics. The muxData cookie is used to store information about how visitors use and interact with video content on websites that use Mux's services. This information includes data such as video playback information, error messages, and other analytics data. Mux uses this data to help website owners understand how their video content is being consumed and to improve their video delivery and playback performance.
__Host-next-auth.csrf-token	dermsquared.com		Session
The __Host-next-auth.csrf-token cookie is used by the Next.js authentication library for cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection. The __Host- prefix indicates that the cookie is only accessible over a secure HTTPS connection, and can only be set on a domain that has been registered as a secure site using the HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) policy. The csrf-token value in the cookie is used by the Next.js framework to verify that requests made to the server are legitimate and were made by the same user that initiated the request. This helps prevent attackers from impersonating users and making unauthorized requests. The csrf-token cookie is typically set when a user logs in or signs up for a site that uses Next.js authentication. The cookie is then included in subsequent requests made by the user to the site's API, ensuring that each request is authorized and secure.
__Secure-next-auth.callback-url	dermsquared.com		Session
The __Secure-next-auth.callback-url cookie is set by the NextAuth.js library when using a secure HTTPS connection. This cookie is used to store the URL where the user will be redirected after a successful authentication. It is set with the "Secure" attribute to ensure that the cookie can only be transmitted over a secure HTTPS connection. This helps to protect against various attacks, such as eavesdropping and data interception.
__Secure-next-auth.session-token	dermsquared.com		1 day
The "__Secure-next-auth.session-token" cookie is a session cookie that is set by the Next.js authentication library, NextAuth.js. It is used to maintain user session state across requests and to authenticate and authorize users. The cookie is encrypted and secure, meaning it can only be read by the server that created it. It contains a unique identifier that is used to lookup the user's session data on the server. This cookie is marked as "secure" because it can only be sent over HTTPS connections, which provides additional security against attacks. The cookie typically expires when the user logs out or closes their browser.
cookiehub	.dermsquared.com	CookieHub	365 days
CookieHub is a cookie consent management platform that helps websites comply with global privacy laws, such as the GDPR and the CCPA. The CookieHub cookie is used to store the user's cookie consent preferences on the website. When a user visits a website for the first time, the CookieHub banner is displayed asking for their consent to use cookies. If the user gives their consent, the CookieHub cookie is set to remember their preferences. This allows the website to show or hide certain types of cookies based on the user's choices. If the user revisits the website, the CookieHub cookie is used to retrieve their previous consent preferences and display the appropriate cookies accordingly.
AUTH_SESSION_ID	auth.dermsquared.com		Session
KC_RESTART	auth.dermsquared.com		Session
m	m.stripe.com		400 days
Used by Stripe Payment Services for fraud prevention and detection.
__stripe_mid	.dermsquared.com		365 days
Stripe is used to making credit card payments. Stripe uses a cookie to remember who you are and to enable the website to process payments without storing any credit card information on its own servers.
__stripe_sid	.dermsquared.com		1 hour
Stripe is used to making credit card payments. Stripe uses a cookie to remember who you are and to enable the website to process payments without storing any credit card information on its own servers.
_cfuvid	.lightboxcdn.com		Session
Used by Cloudflare WAF to distinguish individual users who share the same IP address and apply rate limits
TiPMix	.api.lightboxcdn.com		1 hour
Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.
x-ms-routing-name	.api.lightboxcdn.com		1 hour
Registers which server-cluster is serving the visitor. This is used in context with load balancing, in order to optimize user experience.

Name	Hostname	Vendor	Expiry
_ga	.dermsquared.com	Google	400 days
The cookie "_ga" is created by Google Analytics and is used to distinguish unique users by assigning a randomly generated number as a client identifier. It is included in each page request on a website and used to calculate visitor, session, and campaign data for analytics reports.
CLID	www.clarity.ms	Microsoft	365 days
Identifies the first-time Clarity saw this user on any site using Clarity.
_clck	.dermsquared.com	Microsoft	365 days
Persists the Clarity User ID and preferences, unique to that site, on the browser. This ensures that behavior in subsequent visits to the same site will be attributed to the same user ID.
_clsk	.dermsquared.com	Microsoft	1 day
Connects multiple page views by a user into a single Clarity session recording.
MR	.c.bing.com	Microsoft	7 days
Used by Microsoft Clarity to indicate whether to refresh MUID.
SM	.c.clarity.ms	Microsoft	Session
This cookie is installed by Clarity. The cookie is used to store non-personally identifiable information. The cookie is used in synchronizing the MUID (Microsoft unique user ID) across Microsoft domains.
MR	.c.clarity.ms	Microsoft	7 days
Used by Microsoft Clarity to indicate whether to refresh MUID.
_clsk	dermsquared.com	Microsoft	1 day
Connects multiple page views by a user into a single Clarity session recording.
ajs_anonymous_id	.dermsquared.com	Twilio Inc.	365 days
This cookie is used to aggregate and segment data to different data tracking tools by Segment
_ga_	.dermsquared.com	Google	400 days
Contains a unique identifier used by Google Analytics 4 to determine that two distinct hits belong to the same user across browsing sessions.

Name	Hostname	Vendor	Expiry
IDE	.doubleclick.net	Google Advertising Products	390 days
IDE is a third-party cookie created by Google's DoubleClick advertising platform. It is used to store information about how a user interacts with ads on websites that use DoubleClick or Google AdSense for advertising. The cookie is used to improve the relevance of ads that are displayed to the user and to avoid showing the same ads repeatedly. It may also be used to track user behavior across websites that use the same advertising platform. The information collected by the cookie is used to create a profile of the user's interests, which is used to display targeted ads based on those interests. The IDE cookie has a lifespan of one year.
__gpi	dermsquared.com	Google Advertising Products	730 days
The "__gpi" cookie is a third-party cookie used by Google to store preferences and user information, such as preferred language and search results. The cookie expires after 2 years and it does not contain any personal information. It is used to provide a more personalized experience to users and to help Google to understand the usage patterns of their services. However, as a third-party cookie, it may be subject to stricter data privacy regulations in some jurisdictions.
__gads	dermsquared.com	Google Advertising Products	365 days
The "__gads" cookie is a third-party cookie created by Google that is used to store information about how users interact with ads on a website. It is used to improve the relevance of ads and to avoid showing ads that the user has already seen. The information stored in this cookie includes the number of times an ad has been displayed to a user, the time of the last display, and information about the user's interaction with the ad (such as clicks).
MUID	.bing.com .clarity.ms	Microsoft	390 days
Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. It can be set by embedded microsoft scripts. Widely believed to sync across many different Microsoft domains, allowing user tracking.
SRM_B	.c.bing.com	Microsoft	390 days
This cookie is installed by Microsoft Bing. Identifies unique web browsers visiting Microsoft sites.
MUID	.clarity.ms	Microsoft	390 days
Microsoft User Identifier tracking cookie used by Bing Ads. It can be set by embedded microsoft scripts. Widely believed to sync across many different Microsoft domains, allowing user tracking.
ANONCHK	.c.clarity.ms	Microsoft	1 hour
Used to store session ID for a users session to ensure that clicks from adverts on the Bing search engine are verified for reporting purposes and for personalisation
_fbp	.dermsquared.com	Meta Platforms	90 days
Facebook Pixel advertising first-party cookie. Used by Facebook to track visits across websites to deliver a series of advertisement products such as real time bidding from third party advertisers.
_gcl_au	.dermsquared.com	Google Advertising Products	90 days
Used by Google AdSense to understand user interaction with the website by generating analytical data.
receive-cookie-deprecation	.adnxs.com		400 days
Privacy Sandbox testing cookie to preview how site behavior and functionality work without third-party cookies.
XANDR_PANID	.adnxs.com		90 days
Used by Xandr to store a unique randomly generated value that enables the Platform to distinguish browsers and devices.
uuid2	.adnxs.com		90 days
This cookie contains a unique randomly-generated value that enables AppNexus to distinguish browsers and devices. This information is used by clients to select advertisements for delivery by the Platform, and to measure the performance of, and attribute payment for, those advertisements.
anj	.adnxs.com		90 days
Used by AppNexus and contains data denoting whether a cookie ID is synced with their partners.

Name	Hostname	Expiry
SNID	reveal.ip2c.net	400 days
AUTH_SESSION_ID_LEGACY	auth.dermsquared.com	Session
__Secure-next-auth.state	dermsquared.com	1 hour
__Secure-next-auth.pkce.code_verifier	dermsquared.com	1 hour

What is the mechanism of action of roflumilast?

More from this series

Are there any limitations on duration of use with roflumilast?

Does roflumilast continue to be effective over a long period of time?

How have the emergence of nonsteroidal topical options in recent years impacted your practice?

What properties of roflumilast allow it to follow a once-daily dosing regimen?

Related CME